tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33501562293193995842024-02-21T02:24:28.564+08:00♥السَّلاَمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ♥Allah adalah tujuanku .tamadun islamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03231238672983093858noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3350156229319399584.post-40420410986622931452014-09-10T00:48:00.000+08:002014-09-10T00:48:20.030+08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ZAMAN UMAYYAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kerajaan Bani Umayyah</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">Arab</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">بنو
أمية banū umayya</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">/<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>الأمويون al-umawiyyūn</b>);<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">khalifah</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">Islam</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">berasaskan
perwarisan pertama selepas kewafatan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kerajaan ini terdiri daripada keluarga
di dalam kaum<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">Quraish</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="text-decoration: none;">Makkah</span>. Kerajaan
Bani Ummaiyyah ini berkuasa dari tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">661</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">masihi
sehingga tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">750</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">masihi.
Ironiknya kaum Bani Ummaiyyah sebelum ini pernah menjadi musuh ketat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="q25uwj4x"><b>Islam</b></span>,
seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">Abu Sufyan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">,
sebelum mereka memeluk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">Islam</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Asal nama kerajaan Bani Umayyah
adalah mengambil nama sempena nama datuk<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="q25uwj4x"><b>Muawiyah</b></span>,pengasas kerajaan ini iaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">Umaiyyah bin Abdul Syams</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">,seorang pemimpin kaum<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Quraisy<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="q25uwj4x"><b>kaya</b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan
berpengaruh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pemerintahan Umayyah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Muawiyah</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> telah menjadi Gabenor </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Syria</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> di bawah
pemerintahan <b>khalifah</b> ketiga </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Islam</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="text-decoration: none;">Saidina Uthman Affan</span>. Pada tahun 35</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Hijriah</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">,kota <span style="text-decoration: none;">Madinah</span> yang
menjadi ibu kota negara Islam telah dilanda krisis politik yang hebat sehingga
mencetuskan pemberontakan menentang kerajaan. Akibatnya, Khalifah Uthman bin
Affan dibunuh oleh pemberontak. Selepas peristiwa pembunuhan Saidina
Uthman, <span style="text-decoration: none;">Saidina Ali Abi Talib</span> telah dilantik
menjadi khalifah yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Memandangkan
pembunuh Saidina Uthman belum dihukum oleh Saidina Ali , <span style="text-decoration: none;">Muawiyah</span> enggan
menerimanya sebagai khalifah dan menentang Saidina Ali pada tahun </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">657</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Bukan sahaja
Muawiyah enggan menerima Saidina Ali sebagai khalifah, malah dia turut menuduh
Saidina Ali sebagai gagal untuk membunuh Sayyidina Uthman (pak ciknya). Dalam
kata lain, Muawiyah mencadangkan bahawa Saidina Ali sendiri terlibat dalam
pakatan membunuh Khalifah Uthman). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedua-dua pihak
bersetuju untuk berunding untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang timbul. Rundingan
ini dilihat oleh para pengikut Saidina Ali sebagai tidak adil. Empayar Islam
dipecahkan. Selepas Saidina Ali dibunuh pada tahun </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">661</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, anak Saidina Ali
iaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Saidina Hassan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> telah menjadi khalifah namun
baginda telah mengambil keputusan untuk memberi jawatan khalifah kepada
Muawiyah sebagai khalifah seluruh empayar Islam atas harapan Muawiyah dapat
menyatukan umat Islam pada masa itu kerana <b>Saidina Hassan</b> tidak
sanggup untuk melihat perpecahan umat Islam terus berlaku dihadapan matanya.Hal
ini menyebabkan tertubuhnya Kerajaan Bani Ummaiyyah dan menyaksikan pertukaran
pusat pemerintahan daripada <span style="text-decoration: none;">Madinah</span> ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Damsyik</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Empayar kekuasaan
Kerajaan Bani Ummaiyyah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kuasa Bani
Ummaiyyah berpusat kepada jajahan Byzantian di <b>Syria</b> dan
mengekalkan pegawai tempatan yang bukan muslim sebagai pentadbir. Bani
Ummaiyyah turut memusatkan usaha mereka kearah menguasai Mediterranean dan
menakluk Konstentinopal. Banyak penaklukan dan pembukaan wilayah baru dibuat
semasa pemerintahan Kerajaan Bani Ummaiyyah. Tentera </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Muslim</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> berjaya
menakluk <span style="text-decoration: none;">Afrika Utara</span> dan </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Iran</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> pada lewat
tahun 600-an, mengembangkan empayar Islam daripada</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Semenanjung Iberia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> di barat sehingga </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">India</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> di timur. Tentera
Ummaiyyah pimpinan </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Tariq ibn Ziyad</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> menyeberangi <span style="text-decoration: none;">Selat Gibraltar</span> dan
menubuhkan pemerintahan di <b>Semenanjung Iberia</b> (<i>Sepanyol</i>)
sementara baki tentera Islam yang lain menubuhkan pemerintahan di </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Sind</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">India</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kerajaan Bani
Ummaiyyah ditewaskan oleh <span style="text-decoration: none;">Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah</span> selepas
tewas dalam perperangan pada tahun </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">750</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">masihi. Hal ini
menyebabkan kebanyakan kaum keluarga Bani Ummaiyyah dibunuh oleh tentera <b>Abbasiyyah</b>.
Seorang waris Bani Ummaiyyah iaitu <span style="text-decoration: none;">Abd-ar-Rahman I</span> mengambil
pemerintahan Islam di </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Andalusia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> dan menubuhkan <span style="text-decoration: none;">Kerajaan Bani Ummaiyyah Andalusia</span> di
sana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: x-large;">Translate . . . .</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Government Umayyad (Banu Umayya Arab </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">بنو</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">أمية</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> / </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">الأمويون</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> al-umawiyyūn); Islamic caliphate based on first
inheritance after the death of Prophet Muhammad The government consists of a
family of the Quraysh in Makkah. The Umayyad state's power from 661 BC until
the year 750 BC. Ironically the Umayyad previously antagonized Islam, as Abu
Sufyan, before they converted to Islam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The original name of the Umayyad kingdom is named after the
name of the grandfather of Muawiyah, the founder of the Umayyad government ibn
Abd Shams, a leader of the Quraish tribe of the rich and influential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umayyad rule <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Muawiyah became governor of Syria under the rule of the third
Caliph of Islam, Uthman Affan. In 35Hijriah, Medina, became the capital of the
Islamic state has been hit by the political crisis sparked a massive uprising
against the government. As a result, the Caliph Uthman was killed by rebels.
After the assassination of Uthman, Ali Bin Abi Talib was appointed as the new
caliph. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As the killer has not been punished by Uthman Ali, refused to
accept the caliph Muawiyah and Ali fight in 657. Not only Muawiyah refused to
accept Ali as Caliph, but he was also accused of failing to Ali, Sayyidina
Uthman's murder (his uncle). In other words, Muawiya suggested that Ali himself
involved in a conspiracy to kill the Caliph Uthman). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Both parties agreed to negotiate to solve problems.
Consultation is seen by the followers of 'Ali as unfair. Muslim empire split.
After Ali was assassinated in 661, the son of Ali Hassan iaituSaidina became
caliph, but he has decided to give the position of caliph Muawiyah as caliph
throughout the Islamic empire on Muawiyah hope to unite the Muslims at the time
because Umar Hassan is not willing to see the split Muslims continue to occur
before this matanya.Hal cause the formation of the Umayyad and witnessed the
exchange of the central government from Medina to Damascus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">........ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umayyad power centered on Byzantian colonies in Syria and
preserve local official who is not a Muslim as an administrator. Umayyad also
concentrating their efforts towards the capture of the Mediterranean and
conquered Konstentinopal. Many of conquest and opening new territory made
during the reign of the Umayyad state. Muslim armies to conquer North Africa
and Iran in the late 600's, the expanding Islamic empire daripadaSemenanjung
Iberia in the west to India in the east. The Umayyad army led by Tariq ibn
Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and establish rule in the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain), while the remaining Muslim soldiers of other established
rule in Sind, India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Umayyad government was defeated by the Abbasid government
after losing the battle in 750masihi. This causes most of the Umayyad clan
murdered by the Abbasids. A beneficiary of the Umayyad Abd-ar-Rahman I take
Islamic rule in Andalusia and established the Umayyad Andalusian there.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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tamadun islamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03231238672983093858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3350156229319399584.post-13226215640003469762014-08-15T09:56:00.001+08:002014-09-10T00:24:41.459+08:00Dasar2 Tamadun Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Terdapat beberapa istilah yang berkaitan dengan tamadun. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Antara istilah yang sering digunakan ialah : </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">✿</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">‘civilization’ dalam bahasa Inggeris,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">✿</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">tamadun dan peradaban dalam bahasa Melayu,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">✿</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">maddana,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;">umran dan hadarah dalam bahasa Arab.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"> setiap definisi berlainan berdasarkan tafsiran ahli ilmuan </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">☻</span></span></div>
<br style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 19px;">Pembentukan masyarakat adalah bertujuan untuk memajukan suatu tempat dan amalan hidup .</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">✽</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #20124d;">Istilah Madaniyah</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Istilah madaniyah diperkenalkan oleh Muhammad Farid Wajdi (19M) dan Syeikh Muhammad Abduh (20M) (M.A.J. Beg, 1982b). Istilah ini juga merujuk kepada makna tamadun. Perkataan madaniyah diambil daripada perkataan madinah yang bermaksud bandar, kota atau city. Kota merupakan pusat peradaban atau tamadun. Ini jelas menunjukkan kaitan yang rapat antara keempat-empat perkataan ini. Keempat-empat perkataan ini juga sama dengan maksud perkataan civitas dalam bahasa Latin. Oleh itu, civitas dan madinah menjadi pusat dan lambang kemunculan tamadun</span>.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;">Istilah Tamaddun</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Istilah tamaddun yang mempunyai maksud yang sama dengan civilization telah diperkenalkan oleh Jurji Zaydan, seorang penulis Arab (M.A.J. Beg, 1982b).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Istilah Civilization</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">Dalam bahasa Inggeris, istilah yang digunapakai untuk menggambarkan masyarakat yang bertamadun ialah civilization. Istilah ini diambil daripada perkataan Latin civitas yang bermaksud kota, di mana kota merupakan salah satu faktor penting kewujudan sesebuah tamadun (Beg, 1982). Civilization juga dihubungkan dengan perkataan civil yang bermaksud keadaan masyarakat yang mempunyai tahap kehidupan yang tinggi (Azhar Hj Mad Aros dll, 2003).</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><br style="background-color: #ffcc7f; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Istilah Peradaban</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Peradaban merupakan istilah dalam bahasa Melayu yang sering dikaitkan dengan masyarakat yang bertamadun. Menurut Kamus Dewan, masyarakat yang beradab atau bertamadun ialah masyarakat yang memiliki tingkat kemajuan dalam kehidupan jasmani dan rohani. Tamadun dinyatakan sebagai satu keadaan masyarakat yang dicirikan atau didasarkan pada taraf kemajuan kebendaan serta perkembangan pemikiran sama ada aspek sosial, budaya, politik dan lain-lain yang tinggi (Kamus Dewan, 2002).</span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Pada dasarnya, istilah-istilah di atas merujuk kepada satu keadaan yang memiliki dua aspek pencapaian iaitu material dan spiritual dalam kehidupan. Kedua-dua pencapaian ini membentuk pencapaian asas dalam kehidupan masyarakat bertamadun. Antara pencapaian tersebut ialah seperti berikut:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; text-align: justify;" /></span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツKehidupan beragama</span></span></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツPembentukan kota sebagai pusat pemerintahan atau pembinaan tamadun.</span></span></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ Kehidupan menetap.</span></span></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ Kemunculan dan perkembangan ilmu dan kemahiran.</span></span></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ Tahap kehidupan yang tinggi iaitu kehidupan hadarah bukannya badawah.</span></span></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.799999237060547px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツKemajuan rohani dan jasmani.</span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Pengkhususan kerja dan inovasi teknologi</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Peningkatan dalam kehidupan memberi kesan kepada peningkatan keperluan untuk memenuhi kehidupan. Justeru itu, lahirlah inovasi dan daya kreativiti serta pengkhususan kerja. Maka dengan ini akan wujudlah pelbagai aktiviti berdasarkan bidang khusus. Antara bidang yang muncul pada tahap awal masyarakat bertamadun adalah seperti berikut:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Perekonomian</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Pertukangan</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Seni bina</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Teknologi logam</span><br /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Perkembangan ini melahirkan tenaga mahir dalam pelbagai bidang. Antara bidang yang muncul pada tahap awal adalah seperti berikut:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Perkapalan</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Pembinaan pelabuhan dagang</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Penyediaan mata wang</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Penciptaan alat pengangkutan</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Selain mencetuskan kemahiran teknologi, muncul juga perkembangan yang meningkatkan daya kreativiti dan karya-karya estetika seperti berikut:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Seni lukis</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Seni ukiran</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Seni hiasan</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Seni tenunan dan anyaman</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 30.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">• Seni seramik</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-large;">Translate . . . . </span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">There are several terms associated with civilization. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Among the terms often used are: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">✿'civilization 'in English, </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">✿tamadun and civilization in the Malay language, </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">✿maddana, Umran and hadarah in Arabic. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> each different definitions based on interpretation of scholars ☻ </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Society is to develop a place and a way of life. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽Istilah Medinan </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Medinan term introduced by Muhammad Farid Wajdi (19m) and Sheikh Muhammad Abduh (20M) (MAJ Beg, 1982b). The term also refers to the meaning of civilization. Medinan word derived from the medina, which means the city, town or city. The city was the center of civilization or civilization. This clearly shows the close connections between these four words. These four words are the same as the meaning of the word in Latin civitas. Therefore, civitas and Medina as the center and symbol of the emergence of civilization. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽Istilah civilization </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Terms civilization that has the same meaning Civilization was introduced by Jurji Zaydan, an Arab writer (MAJ Beg, 1982b). </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽Istilah Civilization </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">In English, the term used to describe a civilized society is Civilization. The term is derived from the Latin word civitas, which means the city, where the city is one of the key factors the existence of a civilization (Beg, 1982). Civilization is also connected to the word which means civil society with a high standard of living (Azhar Hj Mad Aros etc., 2003). </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;"> ✽Istilah Civilization </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Civilization is a term in the Malay language that is often associated with a civilized society. According to Kamus Dewan, genteel or civilized society is a society that has a rate of progress in the physical and spiritual lives. Civilization described as a state of society characterized or based on the degree of material progress and development of thinking whether social, cultural, political and other high (Kamus Dewan, 2002). </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Basically, the terms above refers to a situation that has two aspects, namely the achievement of material and spiritual life. Both of these achievements form the basis of achievement in the life of a civilized society. Some highlights are as follows: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ religious life </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ The formation of the central government or the development of civilization. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Life ツ set. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ The emergence and development of knowledge and skills. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ higher standards of living life instead badawah hadarah. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">ツ progress spiritually and physically. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Job specialization and technological innovation </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">The increase in life affect the growing need to meet life. Thus was born the innovation and creativity as well as work specialization. So this will be triggered by a variety of activities based on specific areas. Among the fields that appear in the early stages of a civilized society is as follows: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• The economy </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Craft </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Architecture </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Technology Metal </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">These developments create skilled manpower in various fields. Among the fields that appear in the early stages are as follows: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Shipping </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Construction of a trading port </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Preparation of currency </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Creation of transport equipment </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Besides triggering technology skills, appear also to enhance the development of creativity and aesthetic works as follows: </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Painting </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Art sculpture </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Decorative Art </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Art-woven and woven </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">• Ceramic Art......</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">sumber rujukan:</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://citu551a.blogspot.com/2008/06/tamadun-islam-ctu551.html">http://citu551a.blogspot.com/2008/06/tamadun-islam-ctu551.html</a></span></span></div>
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